class ActiveRecord::Relation
Active Record Relation¶ ↑
Constants
- INVALID_METHODS_FOR_DELETE_ALL
- MULTI_VALUE_METHODS
- SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS
- VALUE_METHODS
Attributes
Public Class Methods
# File lib/active_record/relation.rb, line 22 def initialize(klass, table, values = {}) @klass = klass @table = table @values = values @offsets = {} @loaded = false end
Public Instance Methods
Compares two relations for equality.
# File lib/active_record/relation.rb, line 604 def ==(other) case other when Associations::CollectionProxy, AssociationRelation self == other.to_a when Relation other.to_sql == to_sql when Array to_a == other end end
Returns true if there are any records.
# File lib/active_record/relation.rb, line 273 def any? if block_given? to_a.any? { |*block_args| yield(*block_args) } else !empty? end end
Returns true if relation is blank.
# File lib/active_record/relation.rb, line 620 def blank? to_a.blank? end
Tries to create a new record with the same scoped attributes defined in the relation. Returns the initialized object if validation fails.
Expects arguments in the same format as Base.create
.
Examples¶ ↑
users = User.where(name: 'Oscar') users.create # #<User id: 3, name: "oscar", ...> users.create(name: 'fxn') users.create # #<User id: 4, name: "fxn", ...> users.create { |user| user.name = 'tenderlove' } # #<User id: 5, name: "tenderlove", ...> users.create(name: nil) # validation on name # #<User id: nil, name: nil, ...>
# File lib/active_record/relation.rb, line 141 def create(*args, &block) scoping { @klass.create(*args, &block) } end
Similar to create, but calls
create!
on the base class. Raises an exception if a validation
error occurs.
Expects arguments in the same format as Base.create!
.
# File lib/active_record/relation.rb, line 149 def create!(*args, &block) scoping { @klass.create!(*args, &block) } end
Deletes the row with a primary key matching the id
argument,
using a SQL DELETE
statement, and returns the number of rows
deleted. Active Record objects are not instantiated, so the object's
callbacks are not executed, including any :dependent
association options.
You can delete multiple rows at once by passing an Array of
id
s.
Note: Although it is often much faster than the alternative,
#destroy
, skipping callbacks might bypass business logic in
your application that ensures referential integrity or performs other
essential jobs.
Examples¶ ↑
# Delete a single row Todo.delete(1) # Delete multiple rows Todo.delete([2,3,4])
# File lib/active_record/relation.rb, line 503 def delete(id_or_array) where(primary_key => id_or_array).delete_all end
Deletes the records matching conditions
without instantiating
the records first, and hence not calling the destroy
method
nor invoking callbacks. This is a single SQL DELETE statement that goes
straight to the database, much more efficient than
destroy_all
. Be careful with relations though, in particular
:dependent
rules defined on associations are not honored.
Returns the number of rows affected.
Post.delete_all("person_id = 5 AND (category = 'Something' OR category = 'Else')") Post.delete_all(["person_id = ? AND (category = ? OR category = ?)", 5, 'Something', 'Else']) Post.where(person_id: 5).where(category: ['Something', 'Else']).delete_all
Both calls delete the affected posts all at once with a single DELETE
statement. If you need to destroy dependent associations or call your
before_*
or after_destroy
callbacks, use the
destroy_all
method instead.
If an invalid method is supplied, delete_all
raises an ActiveRecord error:
Post.limit(100).delete_all # => ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError: delete_all doesn't support limit
# File lib/active_record/relation.rb, line 452 def delete_all(conditions = nil) invalid_methods = INVALID_METHODS_FOR_DELETE_ALL.select { |method| if MULTI_VALUE_METHODS.include?(method) send("#{method}_values").any? else send("#{method}_value") end } if invalid_methods.any? raise ActiveRecordError.new("delete_all doesn't support #{invalid_methods.join(', ')}") end if conditions where(conditions).delete_all else stmt = Arel::DeleteManager.new(arel.engine) stmt.from(table) if joins_values.any? @klass.connection.join_to_delete(stmt, arel, table[primary_key]) else stmt.wheres = arel.constraints end bvs = arel.bind_values + bind_values affected = @klass.connection.delete(stmt, 'SQL', bvs) reset affected end end
Destroy an object (or multiple objects) that has the given id. The object is instantiated first, therefore all callbacks and filters are fired off before the object is deleted. This method is less efficient than ActiveRecord#delete but allows cleanup methods and other actions to be run.
This essentially finds the object (or multiple objects) with the given id, creates a new object from the attributes, and then calls destroy on it.
Parameters¶ ↑
-
id
- Can be either an Integer or an Array of Integers.
Examples¶ ↑
# Destroy a single object Todo.destroy(1) # Destroy multiple objects todos = [1,2,3] Todo.destroy(todos)
# File lib/active_record/relation.rb, line 425 def destroy(id) if id.is_a?(Array) id.map { |one_id| destroy(one_id) } else find(id).destroy end end
Destroys the records matching conditions
by instantiating each
record and calling its destroy
method. Each object's
callbacks are executed (including :dependent
association
options). Returns the collection of objects that were destroyed; each will
be frozen, to reflect that no changes should be made (since they can't
be persisted).
Note: Instantiation, callback execution, and deletion of each record can be
time consuming when you're removing many records at once. It generates
at least one SQL DELETE
query per record (or possibly more, to
enforce your callbacks). If you want to delete many rows quickly, without
concern for their associations or callbacks, use delete_all
instead.
Parameters¶ ↑
-
conditions
- A string, array, or hash that specifies which records to destroy. If omitted, all records are destroyed. See the Conditions section in the introduction to ActiveRecord::Base for more information.
Examples¶ ↑
Person.destroy_all("last_login < '2004-04-04'") Person.destroy_all(status: "inactive") Person.where(age: 0..18).destroy_all
# File lib/active_record/relation.rb, line 398 def destroy_all(conditions = nil) if conditions where(conditions).destroy_all else to_a.each {|object| object.destroy }.tap { reset } end end
Returns true if relation needs eager loading.
# File lib/active_record/relation.rb, line 583 def eager_loading? @should_eager_load ||= eager_load_values.any? || includes_values.any? && (joined_includes_values.any? || references_eager_loaded_tables?) end
Returns true if there are no records.
# File lib/active_record/relation.rb, line 261 def empty? return @records.empty? if loaded? if limit_value == 0 true else c = count(:all) c.respond_to?(:zero?) ? c.zero? : c.empty? end end
Serializes the relation objects Array.
# File lib/active_record/relation.rb, line 247 def encode_with(coder) coder.represent_seq(nil, to_a) end
Runs EXPLAIN on the query or queries triggered by this relation and returns the result as a string. The string is formatted imitating the ones printed by the database shell.
Note that this method actually runs the queries, since the results of some are needed by the next ones when eager loading is going on.
Please see further details in the Active Record Query Interface guide.
# File lib/active_record/relation.rb, line 235 def explain #TODO: Fix for binds. exec_explain(collecting_queries_for_explain { exec_queries }) end
Finds the first record with the given attributes, or creates a record with the attributes if one is not found:
# Find the first user named "Penélope" or create a new one. User.find_or_create_by(first_name: 'Penélope') # => #<User id: 1, first_name: "Penélope", last_name: nil> # Find the first user named "Penélope" or create a new one. # We already have one so the existing record will be returned. User.find_or_create_by(first_name: 'Penélope') # => #<User id: 1, first_name: "Penélope", last_name: nil> # Find the first user named "Scarlett" or create a new one with # a particular last name. User.create_with(last_name: 'Johansson').find_or_create_by(first_name: 'Scarlett') # => #<User id: 2, first_name: "Scarlett", last_name: "Johansson">
This method accepts a block, which is passed down to create
.
The last example above can be alternatively written this way:
# Find the first user named "Scarlett" or create a new one with a # different last name. User.find_or_create_by(first_name: 'Scarlett') do |user| user.last_name = 'Johansson' end # => #<User id: 2, first_name: "Scarlett", last_name: "Johansson">
This method always returns a record, but if creation was attempted and
failed due to validation errors it won't be persisted, you get what
create
returns in such situation.
Please note *this method is not atomic*, it runs first a SELECT, and if there are no results an INSERT is attempted. If there are other threads or processes there is a race condition between both calls and it could be the case that you end up with two similar records.
Whether that is a problem or not depends on the logic of the application, but in the particular case in which rows have a UNIQUE constraint an exception may be raised, just retry:
begin CreditAccount.find_or_create_by(user_id: user.id) rescue ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique retry end
# File lib/active_record/relation.rb, line 211 def find_or_create_by(attributes, &block) find_by(attributes) || create(attributes, &block) end
Like find_or_create_by
, but calls create!
so an
exception is raised if the created record is invalid.
# File lib/active_record/relation.rb, line 217 def find_or_create_by!(attributes, &block) find_by(attributes) || create!(attributes, &block) end
Like find_or_create_by
, but calls new
instead of
create
.
# File lib/active_record/relation.rb, line 222 def find_or_initialize_by(attributes, &block) find_by(attributes) || new(attributes, &block) end
# File lib/active_record/relation.rb, line 30 def initialize_copy(other) # This method is a hot spot, so for now, use Hash[] to dup the hash. # https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/7166 @values = Hash[@values] @values[:bind] = @values[:bind].dup if @values.key? :bind reset end
# File lib/active_record/relation.rb, line 628 def inspect entries = to_a.take([limit_value, 11].compact.min).map!(&:inspect) entries[10] = '...' if entries.size == 11 "#<#{self.class.name} [#{entries.join(', ')}]>" end
Joins that are also marked for preloading. In which case we should just eager load them. Note that this is a naive implementation because we could have strings and symbols which represent the same association, but that aren't matched by this. Also, we could have nested hashes which partially match, e.g. { a: :b } & { a: [:b, :c] }
# File lib/active_record/relation.rb, line 593 def joined_includes_values includes_values & joins_values end
Causes the records to be loaded from the database if they have not been loaded already. You can use this if for some reason you need to explicitly load some records before actually using them. The return value is the relation itself, not the records.
Post.where(published: true).load # => #<ActiveRecord::Relation>
# File lib/active_record/relation.rb, line 513 def load exec_queries unless loaded? self end
Returns true if there is more than one record.
# File lib/active_record/relation.rb, line 282 def many? if block_given? to_a.many? { |*block_args| yield(*block_args) } else limit_value ? to_a.many? : size > 1 end end
Initializes new record from relation while maintaining the current scope.
Expects arguments in the same format as Base.new
.
users = User.where(name: 'DHH') user = users.new # => #<User id: nil, name: "DHH", created_at: nil, updated_at: nil>
You can also pass a block to new with the new record as argument:
user = users.new { |user| user.name = 'Oscar' } user.name # => Oscar
# File lib/active_record/relation.rb, line 118 def new(*args, &block) scoping { @klass.new(*args, &block) } end
# File lib/active_record/relation.rb, line 615 def pretty_print(q) q.pp(self.to_a) end
Forces reloading of relation.
# File lib/active_record/relation.rb, line 520 def reload reset load end
# File lib/active_record/relation.rb, line 525 def reset @last = @to_sql = @order_clause = @scope_for_create = @arel = @loaded = nil @should_eager_load = @join_dependency = nil @records = [] @offsets = {} self end
# File lib/active_record/relation.rb, line 578 def scope_for_create @scope_for_create ||= where_values_hash.merge(create_with_value) end
Scope all queries to the current scope.
Comment.where(post_id: 1).scoping do Comment.first end # => SELECT "comments".* FROM "comments" WHERE "comments"."post_id" = 1 ORDER BY "comments"."id" ASC LIMIT 1
Please check unscoped if you want to remove all previous scopes (including the default_scope) during the execution of a block.
# File lib/active_record/relation.rb, line 299 def scoping previous, klass.current_scope = klass.current_scope, self yield ensure klass.current_scope = previous end
Returns size of the records.
# File lib/active_record/relation.rb, line 256 def size loaded? ? @records.length : count(:all) end
Converts relation objects to Array.
# File lib/active_record/relation.rb, line 241 def to_a load @records end
Returns sql statement for the relation.
User.where(name: 'Oscar').to_sql # => SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."name" = 'Oscar'
# File lib/active_record/relation.rb, line 537 def to_sql @to_sql ||= begin relation = self connection = klass.connection visitor = connection.visitor if eager_loading? find_with_associations { |rel| relation = rel } end arel = relation.arel binds = (arel.bind_values + relation.bind_values).dup binds.map! { |bv| connection.quote(*bv.reverse) } collect = visitor.accept(arel.ast, Arel::Collectors::Bind.new) collect.substitute_binds(binds).join end end
uniq
and uniq!
are silently deprecated.
uniq_value
delegates to distinct_value
to
maintain backwards compatibility. Use distinct_value
instead.
# File lib/active_record/relation.rb, line 599 def uniq_value distinct_value end
Updates an object (or multiple objects) and saves it to the database, if validations pass. The resulting object is returned whether the object was saved successfully to the database or not.
Parameters¶ ↑
-
id
- This should be the id or an array of ids to be updated. -
attributes
- This should be a hash of attributes or an array of hashes.
Examples¶ ↑
# Updates one record Person.update(15, user_name: 'Samuel', group: 'expert') # Updates multiple records people = { 1 => { "first_name" => "David" }, 2 => { "first_name" => "Jeremy" } } Person.update(people.keys, people.values)
# File lib/active_record/relation.rb, line 363 def update(id, attributes) if id.is_a?(Array) id.map.with_index { |one_id, idx| update(one_id, attributes[idx]) } else object = find(id) object.update(attributes) object end end
Updates all records in the current relation with details given. This method constructs a single SQL UPDATE statement and sends it straight to the database. It does not instantiate the involved models and it does not trigger Active Record callbacks or validations. Values passed to `update_all` will not go through ActiveRecord's type-casting behavior. It should receive only values that can be passed as-is to the SQL database.
Parameters¶ ↑
-
updates
- A string, array, or hash representing the SET part of an SQL statement.
Examples¶ ↑
# Update all customers with the given attributes Customer.update_all wants_email: true # Update all books with 'Rails' in their title Book.where('title LIKE ?', '%Rails%').update_all(author: 'David') # Update all books that match conditions, but limit it to 5 ordered by date Book.where('title LIKE ?', '%Rails%').order(:created_at).limit(5).update_all(author: 'David')
# File lib/active_record/relation.rb, line 326 def update_all(updates) raise ArgumentError, "Empty list of attributes to change" if updates.blank? stmt = Arel::UpdateManager.new(arel.engine) stmt.set Arel.sql(@klass.send(:sanitize_sql_for_assignment, updates)) stmt.table(table) stmt.key = table[primary_key] if joins_values.any? @klass.connection.join_to_update(stmt, arel) else stmt.take(arel.limit) stmt.order(*arel.orders) stmt.wheres = arel.constraints end bvs = arel.bind_values + bind_values @klass.connection.update stmt, 'SQL', bvs end
# File lib/active_record/relation.rb, line 624 def values Hash[@values] end
Returns a hash of where conditions.
User.where(name: 'Oscar').where_values_hash # => {name: "Oscar"}
# File lib/active_record/relation.rb, line 559 def where_values_hash(relation_table_name = table_name) equalities = where_values.grep(Arel::Nodes::Equality).find_all { |node| node.left.relation.name == relation_table_name } binds = Hash[bind_values.find_all(&:first).map { |column, v| [column.name, v] }] Hash[equalities.map { |where| name = where.left.name [name, binds.fetch(name.to_s) { case where.right when Array then where.right.map(&:val) when Arel::Nodes::Casted where.right.val end }] }] end
Private Instance Methods
# File lib/active_record/relation.rb, line 653 def build_preloader ActiveRecord::Associations::Preloader.new end
# File lib/active_record/relation.rb, line 637 def exec_queries @records = eager_loading? ? find_with_associations : @klass.find_by_sql(arel, arel.bind_values + bind_values) preload = preload_values preload += includes_values unless eager_loading? preloader = build_preloader preload.each do |associations| preloader.preload @records, associations end @records.each { |record| record.readonly! } if readonly_value @loaded = true @records end
# File lib/active_record/relation.rb, line 657 def references_eager_loaded_tables? joined_tables = arel.join_sources.map do |join| if join.is_a?(Arel::Nodes::StringJoin) tables_in_string(join.left) else [join.left.table_name, join.left.table_alias] end end joined_tables += [table.name, table.table_alias] # always convert table names to downcase as in Oracle quoted table names are in uppercase joined_tables = joined_tables.flatten.compact.map { |t| t.downcase }.uniq (references_values - joined_tables).any? end
# File lib/active_record/relation.rb, line 674 def tables_in_string(string) return [] if string.blank? # always convert table names to downcase as in Oracle quoted table names are in uppercase # ignore raw_sql_ that is used by Oracle adapter as alias for limit/offset subqueries string.scan(/([a-zA-Z_][.\w]+).?\./).flatten.map{ |s| s.downcase }.uniq - ['raw_sql_'] end